Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2013 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 6 Articles
Human interference in the upper River Njoro catchment has led to the increased exposure of the land to\r\naccelerated erosion. An application that combined the capabilities of remote sensing, geographic\r\ninformation system (GIS) and agricultural non-point source (AgNPS) model was used to estimate peak\r\nrunoff rate and sediment yield from the upper River Njoro catchment. Remotely sensed Landsat\r\nThematic Mapper (TM) images were used to obtain land cover and associated AgNPS model input\r\nparameters. Other input parameters for the model were extracted from GIS layers using the agricultural\r\nnon-point source-integrated land and water information system (AgNPS-ILWIS) interface. Surface water\r\nquantity and quality data including peak runoff and sediment yield of selected storm events were\r\nobtained from two gauging stations, within the catchment. Base flow separation was done so that\r\nmeasured direct peak runoff rate and sediment yield generated by direct runoff could be determined\r\nand compared directly with the model simulated results. Simulated peak runoff rates in Upstream\r\n(Treetop) station were satisfactory with an EFF of 0.78 and a percent error of 4.1%. The sediment yield\r\nwas also reasonably estimated with an EFF of 0.88 and a 2% error. The downstream (Egerton) station\r\nresults were also satisfactorily predicted with peak runoff rate having an EFF of 0.69 and a 5.5% error of\r\nestimates, while the estimated sediment yield had an EFF of 0.86 and a 2.5% error....
Groundwater�s studies at middle Kert aquifer in northeast of Morocco are very important due to the\r\nsemi-arid character and its geological history. The region is recognized by messinian salinity crisis\r\nalready 5.6 Ma. Water chemistry is mainly dominated by dissolution of evaporate rocks (Halite and\r\nGypsum) related to outcropping and basement limits developed in Messinian age. Freshwater with total\r\ndissolved solids 740 mg/l (average value) in Tafersite district is chemically distinct from saline water\r\nwith total dissolved solids of 9803 mg/l in the south zone. In wadis, water is S04-Cl-Ca type; they are\r\ninfluenced by the surrounding highlands located at the south of the plain. The investigation reveals that\r\nweathering of evaporated rocks is the processes responsible for high Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO4\r\n2-\r\nconcentrations. Also, hydro chemical data displays that freshwater observed in the northwest part\r\nreflect the influence of freshwaters coming from metamorphic massive of Temsamane. The factorial\r\nanalysis reveal three sources of salinization, the principal one is described above, whilst the\r\ndissolution of carbonates and human influence represented by NO3\r\n-, played only a secondary role....
Jordan is currently one of the world�s four poorest nations in water resources. Rainfall harvesting from\r\nrooftops, roads, and parking lots can increase the water supply for various uses and help combat the\r\nchronic water shortage in Jordan. This work aimed at evaluating the potential for potable and nonpotable\r\nwater savings by using rainwater at Yarmouk University and to provide recommendations for\r\nincreasing water efficiency use to minimize water waste and reduce the water bill. Results showed that\r\na maximum of 99,000 m3/y of rainwater can be collected, 37,000 m3/y of it from roofs of buildings and\r\n62,000 m3/y from open impervious areas, provided that all surfaces are used and all runoff from the\r\nsurfaces are collected. The estimated potential for potable water savings is 125 to 145% of the total\r\ndomestic water supply. Chemical and biological analysis of harvested water indicated the requirement\r\nof water treatment for nitrate and pathogenic organisms. The study recommends the adoption of\r\nseveral measures toward decreasing water consumption and eventually the water bill....
The three major sources of water are easily accessible in the Central Niger Delta area. The tributaries of\r\nthe River Niger form a complex network of rivers, streams and lakes; groundwater is available at\r\nrelatively shallow depths for abstraction; and rainfall lasts for about 9 months and varies from about\r\n3500 to 2000 mm per annum. On relatively sophisticated water supply systems, groundwater is the\r\nmost exploited but it is characterized with poor quality related to oxides of iron and magnesium. The\r\nsurface water sources are open to all kinds of activities while rainwater harvesting is relegated to the\r\nbackground. However, the amount of rainfall falling in the Central Niger Delta area is worth exploiting,\r\nespecially with the prevalent challenges to using other sources. Thus, the potential of harnessing\r\nrainwater in the central Niger Delta is explored in this paper using a mass curve analysis with an\r\nillustration of its efficacy, flexibility and the sensitivity of the analysis....
Problems of water supply in four neighborhood communities housing Federal University of Technology\r\nOwerri (FUTO) and Federal Polytechnic Nekede (POLYNEK) off-campus students have been\r\ninvestigated. The four communities are Ihiagwa, Eziobodo, Nekede and Obinze all in Owerri west county\r\nof Imo state, Nigeria. The communities and the larger population of off-campus students are in dare\r\nneed of portable and sustainable water supply. The present system of water supply through\r\nsubstandard shallow wells of all manners and direct from the Otamiri River is unsustainable and of\r\nserious health consequences. Geological and geophysical assessments confirmed that the area has\r\nnear surface aquifer with average depth of 50 m (164 ft). Standard water well in the area is to have\r\neconomic cased depth of 91 m (300 ft), adapted to pump capacity not greater than 7.5 HP. The water\r\ntable (WT) aquifer is vulnerable to contamination due to indiscriminate waste dumping, accelerated\r\ngroundwater flow, and contaminants transport in the area. Standard water wells are recommended for\r\nthese communities, and to be sustained by government-private partnership idea. This will prevail\r\nagainst water borne diseases and poverty....
Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out on water and sediment samples from\r\nRuguti River in Meru South, to ascertain the water quality. The mean of the results obtained were\r\ncompared with WHO (2011) standards for drinking water .The physicochemical parameters such as\r\ntemperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphates,\r\nchlorides, fluorides were in compliance with the WHO (2011) standards. Turbidity, nitrite and nitrates\r\nlevels were above WHO (2011) standards. The concentration of phosphorous was below detection limit\r\nof the analytical method used. The mean values for all trace metals at all the sampling sites of the water\r\nsamples were below the WHO (2011) standards for drinking water except Fe, Mn and Al. The results of\r\nsediment samples indicates that silicate, iron, calcium and aluminium are present in major quantities\r\nwhile other minerals are present in trace amounts. Sediments has lower carbonaceous matter and\r\nhigher mineral contents. The concentration of the Cd in the sediment was below its detection limit.\r\nTotal coliform bacteria/100 ml are greater than 2420 while E. coli/100 ml varied from 1203 to 1986. These\r\nresults reveal that the Ruguti River is contaminated and use of the water for domestic purposes by the\r\ninhabitants could lead to hazardous side effects...
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